![]() For the Native English speakers, comparable effects were found with the English stimuli. For the subjects who could read Chinese ideographs, more involuntary reading occurred for regular ideographs than for loan words. Some words were easy to read (e.g., regular Chinese words and English words), and some words were more difficult to read (e.g., Chinese "loan" words and English pseudowords). Native English speakers and a separate group of subjects who could read Chinese ideographs were presented with an array similar to that of Experiment 1 and instructed to not read any of the words. Experiment 2, involving Chinese ideographs, concerned the effect of stimulus fidelity and processing fluency. This effect requires an involuntary shift of attention. ![]() Involuntary counting of the critical word occurred on 39% of the trials. In Experiment 1, subjects were presented with a clock of 12 words in the stead of numbers and were instructed to focus on the center of the screen and to not count the number of letters of a word at a certain location. In most cases, these cognitions do not require, for their generation, executive functions such as a shift in selective attention. These effects reveal, among other things, the capacities of involuntary processes. In laboratory tasks, involuntary cognitions of various kinds (e.g., mental imagery) have been elicited by external stimuli. We discuss the implications of this new paradigm for the study of internally-generated conscious contents. This intriguing datum requires further investigation. Regarding inter-content interactions, the continuous hum and object name seem to co-exist simultaneously in consciousness. One could hypothesize that subvocalizations occurred because of the pauses between the intended speech sounds, but this is inconsistent with the observation that comparable results arose even when participants subvocalized a continuous, unbroken hum ("daaa….") throughout the trial. Involuntary subvocalizations of object names still arose on over 80% of the trials. This internally generated content is self-generated and intentional. To investigate this possibility, in one condition, participants were instructed to reiteratively subvocalize a speech sound ("da, da, da") throughout the trial. Can the effect survive if one intentionally generates a competing (internally-generated) conscious content? If so, this would suggest that intentional and unintentional contents can co-exist simultaneously in consciousness in interesting ways. Research has revealed that it is difficult to suppress such subvocalizations, which occur on over 80% of the trials. Participants indicated whenever they involuntarily subvocalized the object name. Each object was presented for 10 s on a screen. To illuminate these phenomena, in a new experimental paradigm, participants were instructed to not subvocalize the names of visually-presented objects. Although understudied, the latter may provide unique insights into the nature of consciousness. ![]() The conscious field includes not only representations about external stimuli (e.g., percepts), but also conscious contents associated with internal states, such as action-related intentions (e.g., urges).
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